![]() The statements that logic handles with the greatest certainty are those that obey the law of the excluded middle, i.e., which are unambiguously true or false, not somewhere in between. It could be good in the opinion of one person but mediocre in the opinion of another. It could be good because it is written in good style. It is far less precise, however, than a statement such as "Albany is the capital of New York." A good book could be good because it is well printed and bound. If someone says, "That is a good book," that is a statement. Logic deals with statements, and statements vary extensively in the precision with which they may be made. "implies and is implied by" or ".if and only if." For example, V replaces the word "or" and Λ replaces the word "and." The following is a list of the symbols commonly encountered: p, q, r,… In symbolic logic, a sign such as V connects two statements to form a third statement. It may, for example, represent the statement, "A triangle has three sides." In algebra, the plus sign joins two numbers to form a third number. In symbolic logic, a letter such as p stands for an entire statement. Similarly P, in geometry, stands for a point and can be used in describing segments, intersections, and the like. Although the symbol gives no clue as to the value of the number, it can be used nevertheless in the formation of sums, products, etc. In algebra, a letter such as x represents a number. ![]() ![]() ![]() Symbolic logic is a system for expressing logical rules in an abstract, easily manipulated form. Logic is the study of the rules which underlie plausible reasoning in mathematics, science, law, and other discliplines. ![]()
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